Sources + method
England and Wales use ONS mid-2024 LSOA estimates, revised in November 2025. Scotland uses NRS mid-2024 estimates on 2011 Data Zones, published in February 2026.
Administrative outlines come from the ONS latest boundary services, accessed 23 July 2026. City council boundaries are represented by the corresponding local-authority layer.
Every origin starts at the point clicked in Geography mode and can be moved by dragging its numbered marker. Align origins mode translates those points to one shared map position without changing distances or recomputing a centre.
Each circle is the radius from that clicked origin needed to accumulate 100k, 250k, 500k, 1M, 2M, 5M, or 10M residents. The 5M and 10M rings are shown only when their radius is no more than 25 km. Small-area populations are assigned to their population-weighted centroid, so radii are approximate at the boundary.
The radial profile groups population into 1 km annuli and divides each total by that annulus's area. It therefore shows average people per square kilometre against distance, using shared axes for every origin.
Scottish 2022 Data Zone estimates are due later in 2026; the current Scottish series uses 2011 zones for its mid-2024 values.